Phyllis M. Landis v. Physicians Insurance Company of Wisconsin, Inc.

REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. Reversed.

¶1 DAVID T. PROSSER, J. This is a review of a published decision of the court of appeals, Landis v. Physicians Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, Inc., 2000 WI App 164, 238 Wis. 2d 190, 616 N.W.2d 910, reversing an order of the circuit court for Eau Claire County, Benjamin D. Proctor, Judge. The plaintiffs in this action are Phyllis M. Landis, individually, and as personal representative for the estate of her late husband Edward E. Landis. The defendants are Physicians Insurance Company of Wisconsin, Inc.; Midelfort Clinic; Mayo Health System; Luther Hospital; the Wisconsin Patients Compensation Fund; and a heart surgeon, M. Terry McEnany, M.D. Mrs. Landis is suing for alleged medical malpractice attributable to the defendants that resulted in the death of Edward Landis. One of the defendants, Dr. McEnany, performed heart surgery on Mr. Landis.

¶2 The circuit court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss the plaintiffs' medical malpractice complaint. The defendants' motion relied on Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b)(1999-2000)[1] in asserting that the five-year time limit in this statute for filing a medical malpractice action expired before the commencement of the action. The circuit court disagreed, concluding that the mediation process mandated by Wis. Stat. § 655.44, in particular the tolling provision in subsection (4), tolled the five-year limitation for filing actions.

¶3 The court of appeals granted the defendants leave to appeal the circuit court's nonfinal order. It then reversed, determining that the § 655.44 mediation process did not toll the five-year limitation. The court of appeals concluded that the five-year limitation in § 893.55(1)(b), which operates as a statute of repose, was not tolled because § 655.44(4) tolls "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations" but does not toll any applicable statute of repose. Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) (emphasis added). The court of appeals noted the difference between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose, basing its decision on: (1) statements made in cases and Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed. 1999) about the difference between statutes of limitations and statutes of repose; and (2) the interplay among Wis. Stat. §§ 655.44, 655.445, and 893.55.

¶4 The issue before this court is whether the five-year deadline for filing actions contained within Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b) is tolled when a party requests mediation of a medical malpractice dispute pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 655.44.

¶5 We conclude that the § 655.44 mediation process tolls the five-year deadline for filing a medical malpractice action under § 893.55(1)(b). When the legislature wrote the language in § 655.44(4) tolling "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations," it intended to include any applicable statute of repose. In this subsection, the legislature made no distinction between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose. In numerous other statutes, the legislature has not differentiated with a precise statutory label whether a time limitation for commencing an action is a statute of limitations or a statute of repose. The term "statute of repose" is largely a judicial label for a particular type of limitation on actions. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals.

¶6 On March 17, 1994, Mr. Landis underwent heart surgery. Dr. McEnany performed the surgery, a septuple (7) coronary bypass. About two weeks later, on April 1, 1994, Mr. Landis died. Mrs. Landis alleges that Mr. Landis died "through the negligence of defendants in their failure to elicit informed consent and to provide reasonable care for Mr. Landis."

¶7 In the late winter and early spring of 1999, Dr. McEnany received significant media attention in the Eau Claire area. For example, according to newspaper articles in the record, the Eau Claire Leader-Telegram reported that there was a high patient death rate in connection with Dr. McEnany's surgeries. This was almost five years after Mr. Landis died. According to Mrs. Landis, she learned from media reports that her husband's death might have been caused by Dr. McEnany's negligence.[2] Mrs. Landis claims she discovered this alleged negligence in February 1999, about one month short of five years after the surgery.

¶8 During the following month, on March 8, 1999, Mrs. Landis filed a request for mediation pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 655.44. This was about one week short of the five-year limitation for commencing an action concerning the alleged act of negligence in the Landis surgery (namely, March 17, 1999).[3]

¶9 Wisconsin Stat. § 655.43 requires that a claimant and all respondents in a medical malpractice dispute participate in "mediation" to assist in the "informal, inexpensive and expedient" resolution of disputes.[4] Wis. Stat. § 655.42(1). Section 655.44 allows a plaintiff alleging medical malpractice to request mediation before filing an action in circuit court.[5] A parallel provision, Wis. Stat. § 655.445, allows a plaintiff to file a request for mediation after filing an action in circuit court.[6] Mrs. Landis chose to request mediation before filing an action in circuit court. Thus, she proceeded under § 655.44. Under either § 655.44 or § 655.445, when a plaintiff files a request for mediation, the filing triggers a mandatory 90-day mediation period.[7]

¶10 During the 90-day mediation period in this case, the parties did not reach a settlement. During this period, Mrs. Landis was prohibited by Wis. Stat. § 655.44(5) from filing an action in circuit court, even though the five-year deadline from Mr. Landis's surgery passed.

¶11 The plaintiffs believe that the tolling provision in Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) tolled the five-year time limitation in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b). The defendants disagree, reasoning that the five-year time limitation in § 893.55(1)(b) was not tolled because § 655.44(4) applies only to statutes of limitations, not statutes of repose. After Mrs. Landis filed a complaint in circuit court, the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint. The circuit court denied the motion, but the court of appeals reversed, adopting the defendants' reading of § 655.44(4).

¶12 This case involves the application of a statute to undisputed facts. This is a question of law that we review de novo. Nelson v. McLaughlin, 211 Wis. 2d 487, 495, 565 N.W.2d 123 (1997). In addition, this disagreement requires us to engage in statutory interpretation.

¶13 Statutory interpretation presents a question of law that this court reviews de novo, Reyes v. Greatway Insurance Co., 227 Wis. 2d 357, 364-65, 597 N.W.2d 687 (1999), benefiting from the analyses of the circuit court and the court of appeals. Meyer v. Sch. Dist. of Colby, 226 Wis. 2d 704, 708, 599 N.W.2d 339 (1999).

¶14 The purpose of statutory interpretation is to discern the intent of the legislature. McEvoy v. Group Health Coop., 213 Wis. 2d 507, 528, 570 N.W.2d 397 (1997). To determine this intent, we look first to the plain language of the statute. Id. If the language of the statute clearly and unambiguously sets forth the legislative intent, it is our duty to apply that intent to the case at hand and not look beyond the statutory language to ascertain its meaning. Reyes, 227 Wis. 2d at 365.

¶15 If the language of the statute is ambiguous and does not clearly set forth the legislative intent, the court will resort to judicial construction. Kelley Co. v. Marquardt, 172 Wis. 2d 234, 247-48, 493 N.W.2d 68 (1992). We ascertain legislative intent through judicial construction in relation to a number of extrinsic factors, including the legislative object intended to be accomplished, id. at 248, and the statute's scope, history, context, and subject matter. Beard v. Lee Enters., Inc., 225 Wis. 2d 1, 10, 591 N.W.2d 156 (1999). A statute is ambiguous if it is capable of being understood by a reasonably well-informed person in either of two senses. Reyes, 227 Wis. 2d at 365. Depending on the facts of a case, the same statute may be ambiguous in one setting and unambiguous in another. Id.

¶16 In addition, although "it is true that statutory interpretation begins with the language of the statute, it is also well established that courts must not look at a single, isolated sentence or portion of a sentence, but at the role of the relevant language in the entire statute." Alberte v. Anew Health Care Serv., 2000 WI 7, ¶10, 232 Wis. 2d 587, 605 N.W.2d 515. Moreover, in interpreting a statute, courts must attempt to give effect to every word of a statute, so as not to render any portion of the statute superfluous. County of Jefferson v. Renz, 231 Wis. 2d 293, 305, 603 N.W.2d 541 (1999).

III

¶17 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.55 places various restrictions on medical malpractice actions, including time limitations for commencing an action. Section 893.55(1) allows a plaintiff to commence a medical malpractice action within the later of the following two options:

(a) Three years from the date of injury, or

(b) One year from the date the injury was discovered, or, in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been discovered, except that an action may not be commenced under this paragraph more than 5 years from the date of the act or omission.

Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(a)-(b). Subsection (1)(a) uses the term "injury." Because more than three years had passed from the time of Mr. Landis's surgery and death, Mrs. Landis did not meet the deadline under subsection (1)(a). Mrs. Landis claims to have discovered the defendants' negligence in February 1999. Thus, subsection (1)(b) applies to this case because it is the later deadline. Under the "repose" clause in paragraph (b), the maximum time limit for filing suit is "5 years from the date of the act or omission."

¶18 To pursue a medical malpractice claim, a claimant must request mediation. Section 655.44 allows a claimant to request mediation before filing an action in circuit court, while § 655.445 permits a claimant to file for mediation after initiating an action in circuit court.[8]

¶19 Under either statutory path, the claimant and all respondents named in a request for mediation must participate in mediation. Wis. Stat. § 655.43. The interplay between §§ 655.44 and 655.445 demonstrates that claimants have a choice on how to proceed when attempting to resolve a dispute. Under either option, a 90-day mediation period ensues.

¶20 In this case, Mrs. Landis filed a mediation request on March 8, 1999, before she filed an action in circuit court. A 90-day mediation period followed. During this mediation period, Mrs. Landis was prohibited from filing a lawsuit. Wis. Stat. § 655.44(5). However, during this mediation period, the five-year deadline for filing suit under Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b) passed.

¶21 Thus, the dispute in this case is whether the tolling provision in Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) tolls the five-year time limitation for filing actions in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b). Wisconsin Stat. § 655.44(4) provides:

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. Any applicable statute of limitations is tolled on the date the director of state courts receives the request for mediation if delivered in person or on the date of mailing if sent by registered mail. The statute remains tolled until 30 days after the last day of the mediation period under s. 655.465 (7).

Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) (emphasis added).

¶22 Had Mrs. Landis chosen to proceed under Wis. Stat. § 655.445 and filed an action in circuit court on March 8, 1999, instead of filing a request for mediation as she did, there is no dispute that this action would have been commenced within the five-year time limitation. Under that scenario, mediation would have ensued and if no agreement were reached, Mrs. Landis could have proceeded with the action already filed in circuit court.

¶23 Mrs. Landis chose to go the other route, first filing for mediation. The defendants contend that the five-year limitation in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b) was not tolled during the mediation period because the tolling provision in § 655.44(4) tolls only "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations," not any applicable statute of repose. Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) (emphasis added). The plaintiffs counter that when the legislature decided that a mediation request would toll "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations," it intended that all time limitations be tolled, including any applicable statute of repose.

¶24 The defendants rely in great part upon the availability of an option for a claimant to file an action in circuit court before filing a request for mediation. They argue that a claimant in Mrs. Landis's shoes should file an action in circuit court before filing a request for mediation, to avoid the time limitation in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b). The defendants contend that this was the legislature's purpose in creating § 655.445.

A. Ambiguity

¶25 Our focus in this case is on Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4). Our goal is to discern the legislature's intent when it enacted this provision. Reyes, 227 Wis. 2d at 365.

¶26 Did the legislature intend in Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) to include a statute of repose within the phrase "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations," or did it intend to exclude a statute of repose by distinguishing it from a statute of limitations? The answer is not clear from the language of the statute. The term "statute of limitations" is ambiguous because it can be understood in two different senses by reasonably well-informed persons, and there are persuasive reasons for each interpretation.

¶27 Like the court of appeals, we have examined Black's Law Dictionary to decipher the difference between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose. Landis, 238 Wis. 2d 190, ¶5 n.4. This examination demonstrates the ambiguity of the phrase "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations" in Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4). We have studied three editions of Black's Law Dictionary. The evolving definitions in these volumes——the oldest of which was current at the time § 655.44 was passed——show the ambiguity of the words.

¶28 The seventh edition of Black's Law Dictionary defines a statute of limitations in pertinent part as follows:

A statute establishing a time limit for suing in a civil case, based on the date when the claim accrued (as when the injury occurred or was discovered). The purpose of such a statute is to require diligent prosecution of known claims, thereby providing finality and predictability in legal affairs and ensuring that claims will be resolved while evidence is reasonably available and fresh.

Black's Law Dictionary 1422 (7th ed. 1999). Meanwhile, the same edition defines "statute of repose":

A statute that bars a suit a fixed number of years after the defendant acts in some way (as by designing or manufacturing a product), even if this period ends before the plaintiff has suffered any injury. Cf. Statute of Limitations.

"A statute of repose . . . limits the time within which an action may be brought and is not related to the accrual of any cause of action; the injury need not have occurred, much less have been discovered. Unlike an ordinary statute of limitations which begins running upon accrual of the claim, the period contained in a statute of repose begins when a specific event occurs, regardless of whether a cause of action has accrued or whether any injury has resulted."

Id. at 1423 (quoting 54 C.J.S. Limitations of Actions § 4, at 20-21 (1987)), quoted in Landis, 238 Wis. 2d at ¶5 n.4.

¶29 In the seventh edition of Black's, the legal distinction between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose is that a statute of limitations begins to run when a cause of action accrues, as opposed to a statute of repose, which begins to run when the "defendant acts in some way (as by designing or manufacturing a product)."[9] Id. This edition presents a relatively clear distinction between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose.

¶30 Going backward, the sixth edition of Black's Law Dictionary defines a statute of limitations in pertinent part as follows:

Statutes of the federal government and various states setting maximum time periods during which certain actions can be brought or rights enforced. After the time period set out in the applicable statute of limitations has run, no legal action can be brought regardless of whether any cause of action ever existed.

Black's Law Dictionary 927 (6th ed. 1990). Within the definitional section for a statute of limitations, the sixth edition compares statutes of limitations to statutes of repose:

Statute of repose compared. While statutes of limitation are sometimes called "statutes of repose," the former bars right of action unless it is filed within a specified period of time after injury occurs, while "statute of repose" terminates any right of action after a specific time has elapsed, regardless of whether there has as yet been an injury.

Id. (citation omitted). The sixth edition of Black's Law Dictionary also has a distinct definition for a statute of repose:

"Statutes of limitations" extinguish, after period of time, right to prosecute accrued cause of action; "statute of repose," by contrast, limits potential liability by limiting time during which cause of action can arise. It is distinguishable from statute of limitations, in that statute of repose cuts off right of action after specified time measured from delivery of product or completion of work, regardless of time of accrual of cause of action or of notice of invasion of legal rights.

Id. at 1411 (citations omitted).

¶31 The sixth edition of Black's Law Dictionary is not as clear as the seventh edition. In particular, we note the sixth edition indicates that "statutes of limitation are sometimes called 'statutes of repose'"——although it does so while explaining the distinction between the two concepts. Id. at 927.

¶32 The ambiguity in the term "statute of limitations" is most evident in the fifth edition of Black's Law Dictionary. The distinction between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose is not well drawn in the fifth edition. A statute of limitations is defined in relevant part as follows:

A statute prescribing limitations to the right of action on certain described causes of action or criminal prosecutions; that is, declaring that no suit shall be maintained on such causes of action, nor any criminal charge be made, unless brought within a specified period of time after the right accrued. Statutes of limitation are statutes of repose, and are such legislative enactments as prescribe the periods within which actions may be brought upon certain claims or within which certain rights may be enforced.

Black's Law Dictionary 835 (5th ed. 1979) (emphasis added). The fifth edition does not contain a definition of statute of repose or compare a statute of repose to a statute of limitations. See id. at 835, 1169, 1264-66 (failing to define repose and statute of repose or to discuss the difference between a statute of limitations and a statute of repose).

¶33 The fifth edition of Black's was published in 1979. It was the most recent edition of Black's when the statute at issue was passed. We find it significant, for the purposes of analyzing Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) that, at the time the legislation at issue passed, the most authoritative American legal dictionary contained a definition that "[s]tatutes of limitation are statutes of repose." Id. at 835 (emphasis added). See also Black's Law Dictionary 927 (6th ed. 1990) (indicating that "statutes of limitation are sometimes called statutes of repose"); Black's Law Dictionary 1423 (7th ed. 1999) (implying that statutes of repose are a type of statute of limitations by stating: "Unlike an ordinary statute of limitations which begins running upon accrual of the claim, the period contained in a statute of repose begins when a specific event occurs") (emphasis added).

¶34 The court of appeals relied on the seventh edition of Black's when it decided Landis last year. Landis, 238 Wis. 2d 190, ¶5 n.4. In 1995, the court of appeals decided a case about punitive damages in medical malpractice cases and said:

In the wake of its findings, the legislature enacted a medical malpractice statutory scheme to combat the increasing liability insurance costs. A statutory cap was placed on noneconomic damages, § 893.55(4)(d), STATS., a special statute of limitations was introduced to prohibit the commencement of an action more than five years after the act or omission giving rise to the claim, § 893.55(1)(b)[,] and a mediation system was established to provide an alternative means of resolving medical malpractice disputes. Section 655.42, STATS.

Lund v. Kokemoor, 195 Wis. 2d 727, 735, 537 N.W.2d 21 (Ct. App. 1995) (emphasis added).

¶35 The phrase "a special statute of limitations," referring to Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b), is consistent with the definition of "statute of limitations" in the then-current sixth edition of Black's.

¶36 We think it is appropriate to pay attention to the dictionary definition of a statutory term that was contemporaneous with the enactment of the term. In this case, however, resort to the dictionary does not completely resolve the issue. Therefore, we conclude that the phrase "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations" is ambiguous and that the court is warranted in examining the language in relation to its context, subject matter, scope, history, and objective. Kelley Co., 172 Wis. 2d at 248.

B. Legislative Intent in Extrinsic Factors

1. Context

¶37 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.55(1)(b) contains a statute of repose that "limits the time period within which an action may be brought based on the date of the act or omission." Aicher v. Wis. Patients Comp. Fund, 2000 WI 98, ¶26, 237 Wis. 2d 99, 613 N.W.2d 849. Because a statute of repose bears no relation to the accrual of a cause of action and may take effect before an injury is discovered or even before an injury has occurred, a statute of repose can be quite arbitrary.

¶38 Against this background, the legislature created two clear statutory exceptions to the time limits in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b).

¶39 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.55(2) provides that if a health care provider conceals from a patient a prior act or omission of the provider which has resulted in injury to the patient, an action shall be commenced within one year of discovery of the concealment, or within one year of when the concealment should have been discovered, "or within the time limitation provided by sub. (1), whichever is later" (emphasis added). Subsection (2) is highly relevant to our inquiry. First, it creates an exception to the five-year limitation in subsection (1)(b). Second, it refers to subsection (1) as a statute with a "time limitation."

¶40 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.55(3) provides that when a foreign object which has no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose or effect has been left in a patient's body, an action shall be commenced within one year after the patient becomes aware or should have become aware of the object "or within the time limitation provided by sub. (1), whichever is later" (emphasis added). Subsection (3) is also highly relevant. Like subsection (2), it creates an exception to the five-year limitation in subsection (1)(b). It also refers to subsection (1)(b) as a statute with a "time limitation."

¶41 The legislature's willingness to provide exceptions to the five-year limitation in § 893.55(1)(b) informs our interpretation when we turn to Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4). Inasmuch as two statutes override the applicable statute of repose in particular circumstances, there is no reason why a third statute should not effect the same objective.

¶42 We discern a second major clue to legislative intent in statutory context. Wisconsin Stat. § 655.44(4) uses the word "any" before the phrase "applicable statute of limitations." The word "any" is normally construed to mean "every." Falk v. Tax Comm'n, 218 Wis. 130, 134, 259 N.W. 624 (1935); Juneau v. Wis. Tax Comm'n, 184 Wis. 485, 488, 199 N.W. 63 (1924); Coutts v. Wis. Ret. Bd., 201 Wis. 2d 178, 190, 547 N.W.2d 821 (Ct. App. 1996). Thus, Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) may be interpreted to read: Every applicable statute of limitations is tolled on the date the director receives the request for mediation. The word "any" is not consistent with the narrow construction urged by the defendants.

¶43 Looking back to Wis. Stat. § 893.55, we see its present title: "Medical malpractice; limitation of actions" (emphasis added). When § 655.44(4) was approved, the title of § 893.55 was "Limitation of actions; medical malpractice" (emphasis added). Wis. Stat. § 893.55 (1983-84). In addition, we see the references in subsections (2) and (3) to the "time limitation" in subsection (1). We also see that the statute of repose in § 893.55(1)(b) is merely a clause within a paragraph and that the paragraph begins as a statute of limitations. It is "well established that courts must not look at a . . . portion of a sentence, but at the role of the relevant language in the entire statute." Alberte, 232 Wis. 2d 587, ¶10.

¶44 The statutory context provides persuasive evidence that the legislature was comfortable creating exceptions to the statute of repose in § 893.55(1)(b), and that it intended to toll every part of the statute under § 655.44(4) because § 893.55(1) is an "applicable statute of limitations."

2. History

¶45 Chapter 655 of the statutes is entitled "Health Care Liability and Patients Compensation." This chapter was created by the legislature in 1975. Chapter 37, Laws of 1975. The original legislation created "formal panels" and "informal panels" to help resolve claims for bodily injury or death against health care providers. From the beginning, resort to the panels was mandatory. Wis. Stat. § 655.04(1)(b) (1975-76).

¶46 The original legislation provided that "[n]o action may be commenced in court unless the controversy has first been heard and findings and an order have been made by the panel." Wis. Stat. § 655.04(1)(b) (1975-76). Concurrently, subsection (6) of § 655.04 provided: "The filing of the submission of controversy shall toll any applicable statute of limitations, and such statute of limitations shall remain tolled until 30 days after the hearing panel issues its written decision, or the jurisdiction of the panel is otherwise terminated."

¶47 Wisconsin Stat. § 893.55 did not exist in 1975.[10] It was created in 1980 by Chapter 323, Laws of 1979. Chapter 323 was a general revision of the statutes of limitations. Aicher, 237 Wis. 2d 99, ¶23. 1979 Assembly Bill 326, which led to Chapter 323, described itself as "An Act . . . relating to claim procedures against government entities and employes, and statutes of limitations" (emphasis added).

¶48 This history is important. First, the legislation creating § 893.55 described itself as an act relating to "statutes of limitations." Second, from the time Chapter 323 took effect in 1980 until the subsequent revision of the law on patient compensation panels in 1986, a claimant who went to one of the voluntary panels must have assumed that he or she was tolling all of § 893.55(1) by going to the panel, because the claimant had no option to file suit first.

¶49 Wisconsin Stat. § 655.19 (1975-76) also provided that "unless the parties have stipulated in writing under § 655.07 to be bound by the panel determination, any party to a panel hearing may, within 120 days after the date of an order made by a panel, commence an action for a trial in the circuit or county court." By using the term "any party," the statute contemplated court action by both claimants and respondents. Why would the legislature give a respondent the right to go to court to challenge something a panel did but deny a claimant the right to go to court (after the five-year deadline in the statute of repose) to confirm something the panel did?

¶50 Defendants argue that a right to file a suit before going to mediation was created in 1986 to "save those plaintiffs confronted with a statute of repose." The problem with this argument is that there was a tolling provision in the original 1975 statute with the same words found in present law. The phrase "[t]he filing of the submission of controversy shall toll any applicable statute of limitations," from the 1975 statute, is equivalent to the phrase, "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations is tolled," in the current statute. The words were carried over in 1986. We see no evidence that the 1975 words, carried over to present law, have ever failed to save plaintiffs from the statute of repose——until this case.

3. Purpose

¶51 Statutes of limitation and statutes of repose share at least one common objective. They require timely notice to defendants that they will be required to defend a suit. When a claimant files for mediation under Wis. Stat. § 655.44, the same objective is served. Notice is given and defendants are put on alert.

¶52 In Aicher, this court discussed the purposes behind statutes of limitation and statutes of repose:

Statutes of limitation, which "are found and approved in all systems of enlightened jurisprudence," articulate the principle that it is more just to put the adversary on notice to defend a claim within a specified period of time than to permit unlimited prosecution of stale claims. Statutes of limitation promote fair and prompt litigation and protect defendants from stale or fraudulent claims "brought after memories have faded or evidence has been lost." . . . Statutes of repose operate similarly to protect both plaintiffs and defendants from litigating claims in which the truth may be obfuscated by death or disappearance of key witnesses, loss of evidence, and faded memories.

Aicher, 237 Wis. 2d 99, ¶27 (citations omitted). Tolling "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations," including a statute of repose, for mediation, does not undermine the basic purpose of these statutes.

¶53 Little would be gained by requiring the commencement of an action in court. Whether a claimant proceeds under Wis. Stat. § 655.44 or § 655.445, defendants are put on timely notice and they may begin preserving evidence, locating witnesses, and developing theories of defense, even though the formal process of discovery cannot begin.

¶54 Something would be lost, however, if the process were to begin with a lawsuit. The legislature intends the mediation system to provide claimants and defendants "with an informal, inexpensive and expedient means for resolving disputes without litigation." Wis. Stat. § 655.42(1).

¶55 The defendants' argument runs counter to the basic goals of the mediation system because it would force some persons to file an action in circuit court before engaging in mediation. This could have some effect on litigation, encouraging claimants who might otherwise not proceed with an action in court to go forward because they had already filed a complaint. Our holding today ensures that all claimants, whether or not faced with the impending passage of the five-year time limitation for commencing an action, can pursue resolution through Chapter 655 mediation.

¶56 The defendants argue that the legislature created Wis. Stat. § 655.445 (allowing filing of medical malpractice action in circuit court before requesting mediation) for the purpose of preventing the situation that occurred here. They insist that any reading of § 655.44 to toll the five-year statute of repose would render § 655.445 superfluous. We disagree.

¶57 First, the defendants argue that § 655.445 was created so that a claimant could file a complaint and avoid the passing of the five-year limitation in situations in which the five-year limitation is close to running. However, this is not the only purpose for § 655.445. Section 655.445 allows a claimant to commence an action in circuit court at any time before the expiration of the appropriate time limitation in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1). Thus, a claimant can take advantage of the chance to commence a circuit court action whether or not a time limitation is about to expire.

¶58 It is apparent that the legislature wanted claimants to have a choice: (1) to demonstrate a willingness to cooperate with a defendant in resolving a matter through mediation by first filing a mediation request under Wis. Stat. § 655.44; or (2) to demonstrate the gravity of a matter by first commencing an action in circuit court under Wis. Stat. § 655.445. Whatever the reason, the legislature has decided claimants should have a choice on how to proceed at any time within the applicable time limitation, not just near the statutory deadline. Thus, § 655.445 is not rendered superfluous as a result of our interpretation of § 655.44(4).

¶59 We have reviewed the legislative history of Wis. Stat. Ch. 655 Subch. VI, see 1985 Wis. Act 340, § 69r (creating Wis. Stat. Ch. 655 Subch. VI, the current mediation scheme), as well as the prior statutory mediation plan. Wis. Stat. Ch. 655 Subch. II (1983-84). The prior mediation scheme was substantially modified by 1985 Wis. Act 340.[11] We have found nothing in the Legislative Reference Bureau's (LRB) drafting file to support the defendants' argument concerning the tolling of the five-year limitation in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b). Rather, the analysis of 1985 Wis. Act 340 by the LRB demonstrates that the legislature simply wanted claimants to have an option in how to resolve a dispute with a health care provider. Legislative Reference Bureau Bill Drafting File for 1985 Wis. Act 340 (failing to indicate that Wis. Stat. § 655.445 was intended to accommodate cases in which the five-year limitation in § 893.55(1)(b) was close to expiration, stating directly: "Claimants may file a request for mediation before filing in court or simultaneously with a court filing.") (analysis by the LRB attached to the second draft of 1986 A.B. 4 (Special Session)).

¶60 The defendants also contend that "[a]ny argument which ignores that the medical malpractice statute of repose is distinct from the statute of limitation, contravenes this court's prior rulings." We acknowledge that our opinions have long regarded statutes of limitations as different from statutes of repose,[12] but we note that these opinions have wrestled with how a statute of limitations or statute of repose operates, or whether a limitations statute bears on some constitutional right. We have not previously focused on whether the legislature's use of the words "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations" in a tolling provision includes an applicable statute of repose. See Aicher, 237 Wis. 2d 99; Estate of Makos v. Wis. Masons Health Care Fund, 211 Wis. 2d 41, 564 N.W.2d 662 (1997), overruled by Aicher, 237 Wis. 2d 99, ¶6. The issue in this case is fundamentally different.[13]

¶61 A review of Wis. Stat. Ch. 893——a chapter that substantially regulates time limitations on commencing a variety of actions——shows the legislature does not employ the phrase "statute of repose."[14] The legislature does, however, use many other phrases to describe temporal limitations on actions.[15] Moreover, computer database searches of the statutes show the legislature has not used the words "repose," "statute of repose," or "statutes of repose" in the text of any statute in force. It is apparent that the phrase "statute of repose" is judicial terminology and is not featured in legislative lingo.[16]

CONCLUSION

¶62 The phrase "[a]ny applicable statute of limitations" in Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4)——the provision that tolls time limitations when a party requests mediation of a medical malpractice dispute——is ambiguous when considering whether it tolls an applicable statute of repose. Judicial construction indicates the legislature intended that the five-year limitation in Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b) be tolled when a party requests mediation pursuant to § 655.44.

By the Court.—The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.

¶69 N. PATRICK CROOKS, J. (dissenting). The twists and turns the majority opinion engages in to allow Landis to continue her action are many. The statutes governing mediation and the commencement of medical malpractice actions are plain on their faces. Had Landis complied with them, her action would have been timely filed. But she did not comply. Consequently, the majority opinion retreats from the position that was strenuously championed just a year ago——that "[s]tatutes of repose are different from statutes of limitations," and "represent legislative policy decisions that dictate when the courthouse doors close for particular litigants." Aicher v. Wisconsin Patients Comp. Fund, 2000 WI 98, ¶¶26-27, 237 Wis. 2d 99, 613 N.W.2d 849 (emphasis added).[18] Today, per the majority opinion, a "'statute of repose' is largely a judicial label." Majority op. at ¶5. Last year, it was a legislative absolute. See Aicher, 2000 WI 98, ¶54. The sad irony of today's decision is that it appears from the result that the majority is more concerned with keeping the door to the courthouse open for an adult who failed to follow the law, than slamming the courthouse door closed for a child with no other recourse.[19] See id. at ¶¶86-92 (Crooks, J., dissenting, joined by Bablitch, J.). I respectfully dissent from such a course of action.

¶70 Whether, as Landis argues, Wis. Stat. § 655.44 tolls the statute of repose in § 893.55(1)(b) is, as the majority acknowledges, a question of statutory interpretation. However, contrary to the majority's characterization of § 655.44(4), it is clear and unambiguous. A request for mediation tolls the statute of limitations, not the statute of repose. As the majority repeatedly indicated in Aicher, a statute of limitations is distinct from a statute of repose. See 2000 WI 98, ¶¶10, 26, 27, 28, 32, 46, 50, 53, 54, 60, 76, 77, 78, 83, 85. A statute of limitations "establishes the time frame within which a claim must be initiated after a cause of action actually accrues." Id. at ¶26. This time frame, also called "period of limitation" and "time limitation," is set by legislative statutes of limitations. Statutes of limitations dictate the time "within which an action may be commenced . . . computed from the time that the cause of action accrues until the action is commenced."[20] Wis. Stat. § 893.04; see also majority op. at ¶61 n.15. The applicable time frame here, set by § 893.55(1)(b), is one year from accrual, that is, one year from the date the injury was discovered, or should have been discovered. Landis alleges that she discovered the alleged negligence that gave rise to her claim in February, 1999. Her claim thus accrued then, and, to comply with the applicable statute of limitations, she would have had to file her action within a year. She did. Her action was filed on July 2, 1999.

¶71 However, Wis. Stat. § 893.55(1)(b) sets forth a statute of repose, that "an action may not be commenced under this paragraph more than 5 years from the date of the act or omission." This was firmly, and repeatedly, established in Aicher. See, e.g., 2000 WI 98, ¶¶10, 11, 26, 85. The five-year repose provision has nothing to do with when a medical malpractice claim accrues.[21] It is not a statute of limitations; it is a statute of repose. "A statute of repose . . . limits the time period within which an action may be brought based on the date of the act or omission. Statutes of repose thus bear no relation to the accrual of a cause of action and can toll before an injury is discovered or even before an injury has occurred." Id. at ¶26 (footnote omitted). In short, "[s]tatutes of repose are different from statutes of limitations." Id. Not only are statutes of repose different than statutes of limitations, they are legislative enactments, reflecting "policy considerations better left to the legislative branch of government." Id. at ¶54; see also ¶27 ("statutes of repose represent legislative policy decisions that dictate when the courthouse doors close for particular litigants."); ¶46 ("The question of what the . . . statute of repose for a particular action should be is a fundamental question of public policy."); ¶50 ("This court has concluded many times that the legislature may sever a person's claim by . . . a statute of repose . . . ."). Just last year, a statute of repose was not a "judicial label," or a form of "judicial terminology," as the majority states it is today. See majority op. at ¶¶5, 61. This should hold true here.

¶72 Taking what the majority of the court said in Aicher at face value——that statutes of limitations are different from statutes of repose——a request for mediation under Wis. Stat. § 655.44(4) tolls only the one-year-after-discovery limitation period, but not the five-years-after-act-or-omission period, in § 893.55(1)(b). Let us examine what alleged wrong would result from applying these precepts here.

¶73 Landis was coming up against the five-year bar when she discovered the alleged negligence in February, 1999. Her husband's surgery was on March 17, 1994 and he died on April 1, 1994. The last possible date that would be five years after an act or omission pertaining to Landis' husband was April 1, 1999, and thus, that would be the last possible date to file an action not barred by the statute of repose.

¶74 However, the majority does acknowledge that mediation is required before a medical malpractice claim proceeds. "Except as provided in s. 655.445, no court action may be commenced unless a request for mediation has been filed under this section and until the expiration of the mediation period. . . ." Wis. Stat. § 655.44(5). By the time Landis discovered the alleged negligence in February of 1999, Landis could not have waited until the 90-day mediation period expired to file her complaint. May, 1999, would be too late.

¶75 Yet, as the majority points out, Wis. Stat. § 655.44 was not her only option; § 655.445, as a parallel provision, provided a choice. See majority op. at ¶¶9, 19. The legislature provided an exception to the requirement that mediation must be completed before an action is commenced in § 655.445, and according to that choice, Landis could have filed her action first, and then completed mediation. Wis. Stat. § 655.445(1), (3).[22]

¶76 Landis needed only to have followed the law. No grievous result would have occurred in this case, had the majority held to the position that was espoused in Aicher. Unlike the situation in Aicher, Landis was left with a right, but no remedy. See 2000 WI 98, ¶¶86-92 (Crooks, J., dissenting, joined by Bablitch, J.).

¶77 The fact that the legislature specifically provided an exception to mediation-before-litigation indicates that the legislature contemplated that some plaintiffs may be nearing the five-year repose bar, when they contemplate filing a medical malpractice claim. By permitting such plaintiffs to commence their action in conjunction with a request for mediation (pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 655.445), rather than after the mediation period (pursuant to § 655.44), the legislature kept intact the impact of the statute of repose in § 893.55(1)(b). If the legislature intended § 655.44(4) to toll the statute of repose, there would have been no need to provide a statutory exception for plaintiffs approaching the expiration of time to commence their medical malpractice actions. The majority ought not to disregard the language and corresponding self-evident legislative purpose of § 655.44 and § 655.445, in preference to an alternative purpose constructed on sheer speculation. "Such reasoning is tantamount to declaring that all legislative decisions regarding time limitation periods are void unless the legislature agrees with this court's assessment of what constitutes good public policy." Tomczak v. Bailey, 218 Wis. 2d 245, 260, 578 N.W.2d 166 (1998).

¶78 The alternative purpose offered by the majority is that the legislature intended to provide medical malpractice claimants with what appears to be a strategic tactic, that is, claimants could either "first fil[e] a mediation request" to "de